-------------- Lesson-10
General introduction to the tenses.
In Sanskrit, verbs are associated with ten different
forms of usage. Of these six relate to the tenses and
four relate to moods. We shall examine the usages
now.
Six tenses are identified as follows. The tenses
directly relate to the time associated with the
activity specified in the verb, i.e., whether the
activity referred to in the verb is taking
place now or has it happened already or if it
will happen or going to happen etc.
Present tense:
vtIman
kal:
There is only one form for the present tense.
Past tense:
B¥t
kal:
Past tense has three forms associated with it.
1. Expressing something that had happened sometime
in the recent past, typically last few days.
2. Expressing something that might have just happened,
typically in the earlier part of the day.
3. Expressing something that had happened in the distant
past about which we may not have much or any
knowledge.
Future tense:
B¢vÝyt
kal:
Future tense has two forms associated with it.
1. Expressing something that is certainly going to happen.
2. Expressing something that is likely to happen.
------Verb forms not associated with time.
There are four forms of the verb which do not relate
to any time. These forms are called "moods" in the
English language. English grammar specifies three
moods which are, Indicative mood, Imperative mood
and the Subjunctive mood. In Sanskrit primers one
sees a reference to four moods with a slightly
different nomenclature. These are, Imperative mood,
potential mood, conditional mood and benedictive
mood. Since the nomenclature differs we will have
to see what the moods in Sanskrit actually refer to.
The ten forms of usage of the verb are each given a
name in Sanskrit and all the names start with the
akshara
l
. Hence the forms are called the ten "lakaras"
(Even though two of the forms do not strictly start
with
l
, the term
lkara:
applies)
1.
lzq
Present tense
2.
lHq
Past tense - imperfect
3.
l¤Hq
Past tense - aorist
4.
¢lzq
Past tense - perfect
5.
l¤zq
Future tense - likely
6.
l¦zq
Future tense - certain
7.
l¦Hq
Conditional mood
8.
¢v¢D¢lHq
Potential mood
9.
AaS£¢lIHq
Benedictive mood
10.
laEzq
Imperative mood
It may be noted that five of the lakaras end in
zq
and
the remaining five in
Hq
. One more Lakara is known to
be seen in Vedic texts. It is known as
lEzq
.
It must also be remembered that verbs in Sanskrit belong
to two categories depending on whether the activity
specified in the verb applies to the person himself
or whether it applies to someone other than the subject
of the verb.
Verbs referring to the activity for the self are said to be
"Atmanepada"
AaÏmnEpd
verbs.
Verbs referring to the activity for others are said to be
"Parasmaipada"
prÞmWpd
verbs.
Verbs which can take both forms are known as
"Ubhayapada"
uBypd
verbs.
Each verb in Sanskrit can be traced to a root which we
may refer to as the root form of the verb. There are many
instances of verbs being derived from two different forms
of a root. The form of the root used in deriving the verb
will depend on the tense.
Forms of the verb for the different tenses and moods are
obtained by adding suffixes or prefixes or both to the
root form and adding an infix as well. So we may say
that the general for of any "lakara" is
(prefix) + root form + infix + suffix
The paranthesis indicates that the prefix is not present
in all the forms.
The infix is generally referred to as the conjugational sign.
The form of the infix is dependent on the root form as
well as person. In Sanskrit, the aksharas in the infix are
termed as
¢vkrNp#Ïyy:
and those in the suffix are
called
¢tHqp#Ïyy:
. The root form is known as
Dat¤
.
The suffix is referred to as the verbal termination sign.
The form of the suffix depends on the lakara and we can
apply some rules to arrive at the suffixes. For each of
the lakaras, nine suffixes will have to be remembered.
Three persons and three numbers for each person make
up the nine.
It may be borne in mind that the verbal termination signs
also depend on the type of the verb, i.e., "Atmanepada"
or "Parasmaipada".
We have seen in lesson 3 the conjugations of the verb in
the present tense. Later in this lesson we shall study the
conjugations for the other tenses and moods. These will
be covered in independent sections.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------
Lesson10
--------------------
Past tense (simple past tense):
The form considered here is
lHq
As seen in the introduction, the formation of
the verb may be specified through a formula.
(prefix) + verb root + infix + suffix
The infix is based on the root and the personwhile
the suffix, referred to as the verb termination,
depends on the tense or the mood.
For the simple past tense,
A
is the prefix.
The terminations are as follows. These apply for
verbs in "parasmaipada".
Per. Sing. Dual Pl.
III.
t
ta|
An
II.
s¥
t|
t
I.
A|
v
m
Applying the formula the forms of a verb will be
obtained as
III Sing.
A+
vr
+A+t
III Dual
A+
vr
+A+tam
III Pl.
A+
vr +
A+An
II Sing.
A+
vr
+A+s¥
II Dual
A+
vr
+A+tm
II Pl.
A+
vr
+A+t
I Sing.
A+
vr
+Aa+A|
I Dual
A+
vr
+Aa+v
I Pl.
A+
vr
+Aa+m
Now for the forms (past tense) of the verb
gÅC¢t
.
The root form for the verb is
gÅCq
The infix corresponding to the root
gÅC
AqAqAq
is also
A
for second and third person but
Aa
for first person.
Per. Sing. Dual Pl.
III.
AgÅCt
AgÅCta|
AgÅCn
He went They two They went
went
II.
AgÅC:
AgÅCt|
AgÅCt
You went You two You went
went
I.
AgÅC|
AgÅCav
AgÅCam
I went We two We went
went
The discerning reader would want to know why in
the case of the second person singular, there is
no conformity with the indicated termination
s¥
or
why differences are seen in applying Sandhi rules?
It must be remembered that there are specific grammar
rules in repect of how sounds are modified when suffixes
are added. Typically, the suffix
s¥
,
when added to a noun
or verb root, becomes a visarg. We will not dwell on this
much, as this is beyond the scope of our current lessons.
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-------------------
Lesson 10
--------------------
Future Tense-
B¢vÝyÏkal:
As seen in the introduction, Future Tense may
express something that is certainly going to happen
(l¦zq)
or express something that may happen
(l¤zq)
.
Of these two,
l¦zq
is seen in frequent use.
The infix for future tense is
Þy
. This infix changes its
form to
iÝy
when applied to some roots. In some cases
it may become
Ýy
. There is no direct rule or formula
which we can remember in respect of this infix. It
will be necessary to commit to memeory the forms
for different verbs.
For many verbs, two root forms may be seen. For
example,
gm
,
gÅCq
are the two root forms given for
gÅC¢t
.
Likewise,
pa
,
¢pb
for
¢pb¢t
and
ÞTa
,
¢t¿q
for
¢t¿¢t
.
The form of the verb for future tense will be based
on the first root where two roots are specified.
As seen earlier, the second form of the root will be
used in generating the verb in present tense, past tense
and imperative mood.
Let us look at the terminations for future tense.
The infix and the tense terminations are combined
together and shown here.
The table applies to verbs in "parasmaipada"
Per. Sing. Dual Pl.
III
Ýy¢t
Ýyt:
Ýy¢Ót
II
Ýy¢s
ÝyT:
ÝyT
I
Ýya¢m
Ýyav:
Ýyam:
Now for the forms of the verb
gÅC¢t
in future tense.
III
g¢mÝy¢t
g¢mÝyt:
g¢mÝy¢Ót
He will They two They
go will go will go
II
g¢mÝy¢s
g¢mÝyT:
g¢mÝyT
You will You two You
go will go will go
I
g¢mÝya¢m
g¢mÝyav:
g¢mÝyam:
I will go We two We will
will go go
The forms for
¢pb¢t
. Please note that the form
of the root that is taken is
pa
.
III
paÞy¢t
paÞyt:
paÞy¢Ót
He will They two They will
drink will drink drink
II
paÞy¢s
paÞyT:
paÞyT
You will You (two) You will
drink will drink drink
I
paÞya¢m
paÞyav:
paÞyam:
I will We (two) We will
drink will drink drink
The student would have observed by now that he/she
will have to remember the root forms for many verbs
to be able to correctly form the verbs. Panini, the
foremost among Grammarians, had listed about 1950
root forms for Sanskrit. Surprisingly, knowledge of
just about 300 of the root forms will be adequate for
understanding Sanskrit texts.
If you arew curious as to what these 300 are, you may
have to wait for advanced lessons to be put up in these
pages! This is a big task and we would like to know if
you are interested. Send us a note.
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---------------
Lesson 10
--------------
Summary of root terminations and verbal
terminations for different tenses and moods.
The tables given below may be used as a basic
reference for determining the forms of the verbs
in different tenses. The student is reminded that
the table is given only as a reference and the
terminations cannot be blindly applied to a root
form. It will be necessary to remember the root
forms for many verbs.
Terminations for the present Tense
prÞmWpd
AaÏmnEpd
III
¢t
t:
A¢Ót
tE
itE
AÓtE
II
¢s
T:
T
sE
iTE
ÒvE
I
¢m
v:
m:
i
vhE
mhE
Terminations for the Past (imperfect) tense
III
t
tam
An
t
ita|
AÓt
II
s¥
tm
t
Ta:
iTa|
Òvm
I
Am
v
m
i
v¢h
m¢h
Terminations for the Future Tense
III
Ýy¢t
Ýyt:
Ýy¢Ót
ÝytE
ÝyEtE
ÝyÓtE
II
Ýy¢s
ÝyT:
ÝyT
ÝysE
ÝyTE
ÝyÒvE
I
Ýya¢m
Ýyav:
Ýyam:
ÝyE
ÝyavhE
ÝyamhE
In case of the Future Tense, we have already seen
that the general termination is
Þy
. In some verbs,
Þy
changes to
Ýy
and also takes
i
in the beginning
of the termination. The form shown above may be
interpreted in the light of this observation.
Terminations for the Imperative Mood
III
t¤
ta|
AÓt¤
ta|
ita|
AÓta|
II
tat
t|
t
Þv
iTa|
Òvm
I
Aa¢n
Aav
Aam
eE
AavhW
AamhW
Terminations for the Potential Mood
III
iIt
iItam
iIy¤:
iIt
iIyata|
iIrn
II
iI:
iItm
iIt
iITa:
iIyaTa|
iIÒv|
I
iIy|
iIv
iIm
iIy
iIv¢h
iIm¢h