Lesson-4 Part-1
r¢v:
saEm:
c
. Ravi and Soman.
This lesson continues in the same style as lesson-3.
The student is introduced to new words and
expressions through a conversation between two
friends.
Ravi, and Soman are in conversation. They are
old schoolmates meeting in their home town
Madras, after a span of a year. Ravi had continued
school in Madras while Soman had gone to a
school in Srinagar, a city in the state of Jammu
and Kashmir, in the northern part of India.
r¢v:-
saEm,
idan£|
Ïv|
k[æO
vs¢s ?
Soma, where are you staying these days (now) ?
saEm:-
Ah|
½£ngrE
vsa¢m ,
kEÓd#£y¢vïalyE
pZa¢m
.
I am staying in Sringar and studying at
the Central School in Srinagar.
r¢v:-
Aa ,
½£ngrE
pZ¢s.
tt
t¤
kaÝm£rp#dESE
A¢Þt
¢kl ?
At£v
s¤ndr|
ev|
Kl¤ ?
Oh! You are studying in Srinagr. Isn't it in the
state of Kashmir? Very beautiful isn't it?
saEm:-
Aa| ,
At£v
s¤Ódr|
Bv¢t ,
¢vSExEN
vsÓtkalE.
yæO
yæO
pÜy¢s ,
tæO
tæO
p¤Ýpa¢N
¢vk¢sta¢n
s¢Ót
.
Yes, it is very beautiful, especially in Spring.
Wherever you look, the flowers blossm forth.
r¢v:-
AæO
t¤
svIda
g#£Ým
ev
.
½£ngrE
g#£Ýmkal:
kT|
Bv¢t ?
Here of course it always summer. How is it in
Srinagar in Summer ?
saEm:-
g#£ÝmE
A¢p
vat:
¢ht:
A¢Þt
.
Even in Summer it is (the air is) pleasant.
g#£ÝmkalE
¢hmalyE
¢hm:
d#v¢t,
tEn
nï:
jlEn
p¥NaI:
Bv¢Ót
.
In summer, the snow melts in the Himalayas,
so the rivers are full with water.
(literally, the rivers get full with water.)
vy|
¢nmIl|
jl|
¢pbam:
.
We drink pure water.
prÓt¤
tæO
A¢Dk|
n
vxI¢t
.
But it does not rain much there.
r¢v:-
md#as
ngrE
A¢Dk|
vxI¢t
.
It rains a lot in Madras.
kda¢ct
AÏy¢Dk|
vxI¢t
.
Sometimes it rains very much.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson-4 Part-2
saEm:-
SrÏkalE
¢hmalyÞy
s¬ÓdyI|
AvÎyIm
.
During Autumn, the beauty of the Himalyas
cannot be described (is beyond description)
¢vSExEN
p¥¢NImara¢æOx¤
.
Especially on Full-moon nights.
p¥NIcÓd#:
yda
¢hmaly¢SKra¢N
ÞvEn
S£t¢krNEn
p#kaSy¢t ,
tda
tÞy
s¬ÓdyI|
A¢cÓÏym
.
when the full moon illuminates the Himalayan
peaks with her cool rays, the beauty is
unimaginable.
¢hmaly¢SKrE
dltzakE
c
tÞy
p#¢t¢bØb:
AÞmak|
¶dy|
Aahqlady¢t
.
Her reflection from the Himalayan peaks and the
Dal lake, fill our hearts with joy (pleasure)
tdan£|
svIæO
sEÛyv¦Xa:
Plp¥NaI:
s¢Ót
.
There everywhere, the apple trees are full of apples.
kaÝm£rsEÛyPl|
A¢tâ¢ckr|
p#¢s¼|
c
.
Kashmir apples are very tasty and famous.
r¢v-
¢k|
kaÝm£rE
svIda
p¢r¢ÞT¢t:
¢hta
va
?
Is the weather in Kashmir always pleasant ?
saEm:-
n,
hEmÓtE
¢S¢SrE
c
At£v
S£t|
Bv¢t
ev
.
No, during winter it is extremly cold.
tdan£|
¢hm|
pt¢t
At:
gmnagmn|
k¾|
Bv¢t
.
Then there is snowfall and so movement becomes
difficult.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson-4 Part-3
r¢v:-
pr|
hEmÓtE
ev|
¢S¢SrE
md#as
ngrE
s¤Kda
Bv¢t
.
(But) during winter it is very pleasant in Madras.
nkEvl|
s¤Kay
¢kÓt¤
kNaIzk
sÄñ£tÞy
kal:
A¢p.
Not only pleasant (to stay) but also it is the time
for classical music.
p#¢s¼a:
gayka:
ntIkady
c
tæO
tæO
gay¢Ót,
n¦Ïy¢Ót
ev|
ÞvÞv
p#av£Îy|
p#dSIy¢Ót
.
Famous singers as well as artists (dancers etc.)
sing, dance and display their talents here and there.
vxaIkalE
tæO
k£èS|
Bv¢t ?
How is it there during the rainy season ?
saEm:-
vxaIkalE
p#ay:
n
vxI¢t
iv
.
prÓt¤
tdan£|
ek|
Ap¥vI|
èÜy|
kaÝm£rE
Bv¢t
.
(it is) almost like no rain during the rainy season.
But at that time there is a rare sight in Kashmir.
½£ngrat
p#aÅya|
na¢t
d\rE
phÚga|
ngrÞy
sm£pE
¢hm¢lÄñ|
ek|
A¢Þt
.
Not far away from Srinagar eastwards, near the
city of Pahalgaon there is a lingam formed of
snow (Lingam - the image of Lord Shiva as
worshipped in India)
r¢v-
ev|
va ?
phÚga|t:
¢kyt
d\r|
A¢Þt ?
tæO
kT|
gÅCEm ?
k:
¢vsEx: ?
Is it so ? How far is Pahalgaon ?
How to go (reach) there ? What is special ?
saEm:-
phlg#amat
25
¢klaEm£zrq
d\rE
A¢Þt
.
yE
S;[v¢Ót
tE
pada×ya|
pvIt|
AaraEh¢Ót
.
ATva
AáEn
gÅC¢Ót
.
Pahalgaon is 25 KM (from Srinagar).
Those who can, climb the mountain (by foot).
If not (otherwise) they go on horseback.
pvItÞy
up¢r
g¤haya|
¢hmEn
jat|
¢lÄñ|
A¢Þt
.
tÞy
AmrnaT:
i¢t
nam
.
On top of the mountain, there is a lingam
formed of snow. It is known as "Amarnath"
( its name is Amarnath)
r¢v:-
tt
A¢t
b¦ht
va ?
Is it very big ?
saEm:-
½avNmasE
p¥¢NIma
pyIÓt|
¢lÄñÞy
vDIn|
Bv¢t
.
tt:
pr|
»as:
Bv¢t
.
tt
t¤
kEvl|
½avNmasE
ev
d#¾¤|
SÀytE
.
During the month of Sravana (July-Aug.) till the
full moon day, the lingam increases in size.
Thereafter the formation shrinks (decreases in size)
Viewing it (the lingam) is possible only during the
Sravana month (July - August).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson - 4. Points relating to Grammar.
Let us examine some of the expressions
introduced in this lesson. These are often
heard during conversations and are found
in written Sanskrit as well.
1.
yda _________
tda
This expression is used when one wants to say that
something happens and simultaneously a related event
occurs as well. In english we may see an equivalent.
When the sun rises, darkness vanishes.
yda
s¥yI:
udE¢t ,
tda
tm:
ApgÅC¢t
.
Here is another example.
yda
¢hmpat:
A¢Dk:
Bv¢t ,
tda
gmnagmn|
k¾tr|
Bv¢t
.
When there is heavy snowfall, then movement
becomes more difficult.
This expression may also be used in the negative.
yda
A¢tv¦¢¾:
Bv¢t ,
tda
¢vmanÞy
AvtrN|
n
Bv¢t
.
When it rains heavily, then the plane does not land.
(Literally, the landing of the place does not take place)
2.
n
kEvl| _______
¢kÓt¤ _______
A¢p or
c
Not only __________ but also.
n
kEvl|
s|Þk]t|
p¤ratn|
¢kÓt¤
AaD¤¢nk|
A¢p
.
Not only is Sanskrit an old language but a modern
one too.
3.
yavt _________
tavt
so much _________ as required.
yavt
Dn|
AavÜyk| ,
tavt
Dn|
ny
.
Take as much money as required.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson-4 Grammar:2
4.
yæO ___
tæO and
yæO
yæO _____
tæO
tæO
Where _____ there and wherever____ there all.
yæO
D¥m:
A¢Þt ,
tæO
A¢g":
A¢Þt
.
Where there is smoke, there is fire.
yæO
yæO
sÏy|
A¢Þt ,
tæO
tæO
jy:
A¢Þt
.
Wherever there is truth, there is victory.
5.
y: ______
s: one who _______ is
ya ________
sa one who _______ is
yt _______
tt that which ______ is
y:
d£GIbah¤:
s:
ram:
.
One who has long arms is Rama.
ya
s¤Ódr£
sa
s£ta
.
One who is beautiful is Sita.
yt
sÏy|
tt
pÐym
.
That which is true is good (beneficial)
6. Use of conjunctions:
c - and
hEmÓtE
¢S¢SrE
c
in
hEmÓt and
¢S¢Sr
Note that the conjunction
c is used at the end
of the last noun in the sentence.
ram: ,
kESv: ,
h¢r:
c
vn|
gÅC¢Ót
.
Rama , Kesava and Hari are going to the forest.
c is also used in the following manner.
ram:
c
kESv:
c
h¢r:
c
vn|
gÅC¢Ót
.
Rama and Kesava and Hari are going to the forest.
This usage is not common however.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
lesson-4 Grammar:3
7.
Bv¢t
ev -
This expression cannot be translated into English
easily or even literally. The word
ev here adds some
sort of emphasis to the sentence. This expression is
used by Soma to contradict Ravi's statement (question)
about the weather being aways pleasant in Kashmir.
8.
ev -
ev usually means "only"
s:
Pl|
ev
Kad¢t
. - He eats only fruits.
klaSala
sm£pE
ev
A¢Þt
.
The college is nearby (only)
9.
At: - Therefore
This word is used in the sense of therefore.
mm
Çvr:
A¢Þt ,
At:
klaSala|
n
gÅCa¢m
.
I have fever, therfore (so) I am not going to college.
Often in India people say " I have fever " though one
should probably say "I am running temperature"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Directions and Positions.
uäOra or
ud£c£
north
|
Aag"EyaE |
eSan£
. | .
. | .
. | .
p¢àma or ................|.................
p¥vaI or
p#ac£
p#t£c£ west . | . east
. | .
. | .
nWrq§t£ |
vaÙvya
|
south
d¢XNa or
yaØya
¢dSa:
ctÞa#:
.
p#at:
s£yI
pÜyn
¢t¾
.
tv
p¤rt:
p#ac£
¢dSa
.
tv
d¢XNE
d¢XNa
¢dSa
.
tv
p¦¾E
p#t£c£
¢dSa
.
tv
vamE
ud£c£
¢dSa
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Relative Positions.
UÒvI
Bag:
up¢r above
| .
p¦¾t:
| . at the back
| .
________________________.
d¢XNE right || . ||
----------|| . ||--------------
vam:
Bag:
d¢XN:
Bag:
|| . ||
vamE left
________________________
. |
. |
p¤rt: in front |
p¤raE
Bag: below
AD:
ADaE
Bag:
These positions are given relative for a person in front
of you and looking at you. We have tried to give an impression
of depth through the dotted line in the picture. Please view
the picture as a representation of positions in three
dimensions.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson-4
AÛyy - indeclinables.
The word
AÛyy is derived from the root
¢v +
i and
AÛyy means that which is not
liable to change or that which retains its form
in all positions.
It is easy to form sentences with
AÛyy
as was seen from the small exercise given in lesson 3.
A¢p - also
sda - always
svIda - at all times
tæO - there
AæO - here
svIæO - everywhere
p#at: - in the morning
say| - in the evening
say|p#at: - In the morning and evening
p#¢t¢dn - daily
tt: - later , then
AT - later
At: - therefore
yt: - because
At:
ev - only because
va - or
ATva - else / or
kTm¢p - somehow
kda¢p - sometime
prm - but
¢kÓt¤ - but
prÓt¤ - but
Aï - today
AD¤na - now
iv - like
ev - only
uÅcW: - above , loud
evm - thus
¢crm - for a long time
p#ay: - mostly
n: - again
rt: - earlier, before
SnW: - slowly
sØykq - well
sï: - immediately
tda - then
kda ? - when
k[æO ? - where
kTm ? - how
k[t: ? -why , from where
¢kmTIm ? - for what (reason)
¢k¢m¢t ? - for what (purpose)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson - 4 Exercise - 1.
The questions given below relate to the conversation in the
lesson. You will be able to answer them if you have understood
the sentences spoken.
1
saEm
Ïv|
idan£|
k[æO
vs¢s ?
2
saEm
Ïv|
idan£|
¢k|
pZ¢s ?
3
½£ngr|
k[æO
A¢Þt ?
4
vsÓtkalE
½£ngr|
k£èS|
A¢Þt ?
5
k[æO
svIda
g#£Ým:
A¢Þt ?
6
g#£ÝmE
½£ngrE
¢k|
¢ht:
A¢Þt ?
7
g#£ÝmkalE
¢k|
d#v¢t ?
8
md#as
ngrE
AÏy¢Dk|
vxI¢t
va ?
9
AÞmak|
¶dy|
k:
Aahqlady¢t ?
10
kaÜm£rE
kda
At£v
SWÏy|
Bv¢t ?
11
p#¢s¼gayka:
k[æO
gay¢Ót ?
12
¢hm¢lÄñ|
k[æO
A¢Þt ?
13
pvItÞyaEp¢r
g¤haya|
¢k|
A¢Þt ?
14
tÞy
¢lÄñÞy
¢k|
nam ?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson -4 Exercise 2.
Fill up the blanks with appropriate indeclinables.
Example:
nr: _______ ________ ______
pZ¢t
.
nr:
p#¢t¢dn|
p#at:
uÅcW:
pZ¢t
.
Please note that more than one word will be required
but there are choices. Based on the meaning of the
indeclinable, select the appropriate combination
for each sentence.
1
Ah| _______ _______ ______
iÎzn©Izq
pÜya¢m
.
2
s:
s|Þk]t| _____
iÅC¢s , ____ ___
s|Þk]t|
pZ¢t
.
3
vahn| ____ ____
gÅC¢t , ____ _____
p#ap"aE¢m
.
4
mag©I ___ ___ ___
¢hm|
pt¢t , ___
vahn|
n
gÅC¢t
.
The indeclinables which will fit the above properly are
to be selected fro the following list.
sda ,
p#¢t¢dn| ,
p#at: ,
¢cr| ,
sØykq ,
At: ,
svIda ,
AD¤na ,
sï: ,
Aïa ,
S£G#| ,
svIæO
Exercise - 3
Fill up the blanks selecting suitable words from
sda ,
svIda ,
tæO ,
AæO ,
svIæO ,
k[æO ,
kda
Example:
nr:
sda
D¥mpan|
kraE¢t
.
----
¢SS¤:
svIda
raEdn|
kraE¢t
.
-----
1
mata ________
d\rdSIn|
pÜy¢t
.
2
ngrE ______
At£v
SWÏy|
A¢Þt
.
3
Aá: _______
tæO
¢t¾¢t
.
4 _________
sÇjn:
A¢Þt
.
5
AakaSE ________
mEGa:
s¢Ót
.
6
vataIp¢æOka| _________
Aany¢t
.
7
mm
lEKn£ _______
A¢Þt
.
8
bal: _______
@£f¢t
.
9 __________
d\rE
n¢d
A¢Þt
.
10 __________
g¦hE
d£p:
Çvl¢t
.
You should first understand the sentences and from the
context select the required indeclinables. The meanings
of all the different words are either known to you already
from earlier lessons or may be looked up in the glossary.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson -4 Exercise 4.
Fill up the blanks by selecting words from the list below.
p#at: ,
say| ,
Aï ,
á: ,
/:
Example:
p#at:
p¤Ýp|
¢vks¢t
----
1 ______
s¥yI:
udE¢t, _______
AÞtmE¢t
c
.
2 _________
¢vïalyÞy
¢vram¢dnm
.
3
Aï
r¢vvasr: , _________
saEmvasr:
.
4
Aï
r¢vvasr: ,
At: __________
kayaIlysy
¢vram¢dnm
.
5
p#at:
Ah|
g¦hE
Bva¢m ,
¢kÓt¤ _______
Ah|
¢mæOÞy
g¦h|
gÅCa¢m
.
6 __________
kayaIly|
gÅCa¢m ,
__________
g¦h|
AagÅCa¢m
.
7 __________
dÓtDavn|
kraE¢m ,
__________
AapN|
gÅCa¢m
.
Exercise -5
Fill up the blanks by selecting suitable words from
¢kÓt¤ ,
At: ,
yt: ,
ATva
Example:
Ah|
p#at:
g¢Nt|
n
pZa¢m ,
¢kÓt¤
say|
pZa¢m
.
----
1
Ay|
p#at:
Þa"an|
n
kraE¢t ,
_______
say|
Þa"an|
kraE¢t
.
2
s:
p#at:
mm
g¦h|
n
AagÅC¢t ,
______
say|
mm
g¦h|
AagÅC¢t
.
3
Ah|
cl¢ÅcæO|
d#¾¤|
At£v
iÅCa¢m ,
______
Ah|
svIda
cl¢ÅcæO|
pÜya¢m
.
4
bal:
sda
¢@kEz|
@£f¢t,
________
s
¢@kEz|
At£v
iÅC¢t
.
5
sa
svIda
¢nd#a|
kraE¢t , _______
svIda
Kad¢t
.
6
bal:
svIda
paZ|
pZ¢t, ______
paZ|
¢lK¢t
.
7
tE
svIda
¢vdES|
gÅC¢Ót ,
_______
tE
dESazn|
iÅC¢Ót
.
8
v¦¼a
mD¤rPl|
At£v
iÅC¢t ,
________
sda
mD¤rPl|
Kad¢t
.
9
s:
Pl|
ev
Kad¢t ,
________
Pl|
At£v
iÅC¢t
.
10
p#at:
Ah|
X£r|
n
¢pba¢m ,
_______
say|
X£r|
¢pba¢m
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson -4 Exercise 6.
Fill up the blanks by selecting suitable words from
¢cr| ,
p¤n: ,
uÅcW: ,
n£cW:
Example:
s:
p¤n:
Pl|
Kad¢t
.
---
1
Ïva|
辤| _______
Ah|
AæO
¢t¾a¢m
.
2
k[±[z: _________
k\j¢t
.
3
kaE¢kl: ________
gay¢t
.
4
raEg£ ______
BaxN|
kraE¢t
.
5
AáEn
s: ________
yaæOa|
kraE¢t
.
6
sm£pva¢s _________
kaElahl|
kraE¢t
.
7
CaæO:
uäOr| _______
vd¢t
.
Exercise 7.
Below you will see many questions. They require
the word
sØykq in their answers. Understand
the questions and in the process, improve your
vocabulary.
Example:
Bvan
s|Þk]t|
kT|
pZ¢t ?
Ah|
s|Þk]t|
sØykq
pZa¢m
.
1
Ïv|
karq
vahn|
kT|
caly¢s ?
Ah|
karq
vahn| _____
calya¢m
.
2
Ïv|
gan|
kT|
kraE¢x ?
Ah| ______
gan|
kraE¢m
.
3
AD¤na
sØykq
b¤B¤Xa
A¢Þt
va ?
Aa|,
AD¤na ______
b¤B¤Xa
A¢Þt
.
4
bal:
kT|
pZ¢t ?
bal: _______
pZ¢t
.
5
uxa
sØykq
v£Na|
vady¢t
va ?
Aa| ,
uxa ______
v£Na|
vady¢t
.
Exercise 8.
Use the following words in appropriate places.
p¤rt: - in front of
p¦¾t: - at the back
d¢XNt: - at the right
vamt: - at right
up¢r - above or at the top
Aï: - below or at the bottom
Example:
p#at:
mm
p¤rt:
s¥yI:
.
-----
1 ________
mm
¢mæO|
up¢vS¢t
.
2 ________
mm
p¤æO:
.
3
p#at:
mm _______
s¥yI:
udE¢t ,
p¦¾t:
cÓd#:
AÞtmE¢t
.
4
mm _____
mEGa:
.
5
v¦XÞy ______
¢t¾a¢m
.
Now you should try and form more sentences with
additional words. Your vocabulary would have
improved considerably in going through this lesson.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson - 4. Forming sentences with indeclinables.
The table below can provide many sentences.
Choose a subject, the corresponding verb
( on the same line as the subject) and an
indeclinable. You will be able to make many sentences.
subject indeclinable verb
ram:
gÅC¢t
p¤Ýpm
¢vks¢t
CaæOa:
p#at:
pZ¢Ót
gj:
AD¤na
¢t¾¢t
Aava|
tæO
pZav:
Aá¬
AæO
Davt:
tE
vd¢Ót
Exercise 9.
Here are many sentences that require the
use of
yda ---
tda .
Example:
yda
raEg:
Bv¢t ,
tda
A¬xD|
Þv£kraE¢m
.
1 _____
s¥yI:
udE¢t , ______
kml|
¢vks¢t
.
2 ___
v¦¢¾:
n
Bv¢t , _____
Ah|
b¢h:
gÅCa¢m
.
3 ___
Ah|
p#at:
u¢äO¾a¢m , ___
dÓtDavn|
kraE¢m
.
4 _____
¢ppasa
Bv¢t , _____
jl|
¢pba¢m
.
5 _____
b¤B¤Xa
n
Bv¢t , ____
BXN|
n
Kada¢m
.
6 _____
kayaIlyE
kayI|
na¢Þt ,
____
Ah|
S£G#|
g¦h|
AagÅCa¢m
.
7 ____
s¥yI:
AÞtmE¢t , _____
AÓDkar:
.
8 ____
mEG:
na¢Þt , _____
v¦¢¾:
na¢Þt
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson -4 . Exercise
Here are some sentences for you to understand the use of
yavt ......
tavt . Figure out where these
should be added in the sentences.
Example:
yavt
AacayI:
n
AagÅC¢t ,
tavt
paZ:
n
p#cl¢t
.
1 ______
mm
¢mæO|
n
AagÅC¢t ,
_______
Ah|
p¤Þtk|
pZa¢m
.
2 ______
¢vman|
n
AagÅC¢t ,
_______
Ah|
AæO
up¢vSa¢m
.
3 ______
¢hm|
n
pt¢t ,
_______
vahna¢n
sØykq
gÅC¢Ót
.
4 ______
gan|
A¢Þt , _______
S¦NaE¢m
.
5 ____
pays|
paæOE
A¢Þt , ____
Ah|
¢pba¢m
.
The following sentences help you inderstand the use of
n
kEvl| ......
¢kÓt¤ .
Example:
n
kEvl|
Ah|
gan|
gaya¢m ,
¢kÓt¤
nzn|
A¢p
kraE¢m
.
1 _____
bal:
raEdn|
kraE¢t ,
Þvy|
¢Sr¢s
tafy¢t
.
2 ______
g¦hE
S¤nk:
A¢Þt ,
______
majaIr:
A¢p
A¢Þt
.
3 ______
Ah|
g¢Nt|
pZa¢m ,
______
s|Þk]t
Baxam¢p
pZa¢m
.
4 ______
vahn|
n¥tn|
Bv¢t , ______
s¤Ódr|
A¢p
.
5 ______
Ah|
AaEdn|
Kada¢m ,
______
Pla¢n
A¢p
Kada¢m
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson -4 Chart.
Here is a chart containing nouns, a verb and many
indeclinables. By selecting a noun and an indeclinable,
you can form a short sentence with the verb.
Try and form as many sentences as you can.
If you have a liking for mathematical work, try and
figure out how many different sentences you can
make and how many of them will correctly convey
a meaning.
__________________________________________________
|
s:
sa
ex:
exa
CaæO: |
| |___________________________________| |
|
nr: | | |
| |
sda
tæO
AæO
svIda | |
|
bal: | |
bala |
| |
p#at: | |
AD¤na | |
|
p¤æO: | |
pZ¢t | | |
| |
say| | |
p#¢t¢dn| | |
| | | | |
p¤æO£ |
| |
uÅcW:
n£cW:
Aï:
sï: | |
| |
¢cr|
p¤n:
sØykq
ev| | |
| |___________________________________| |
| |
|
maDv:
uma |
|__________________________________________________|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson - 4. Glossary
The seasons:
hEmÓt: - (m) winter with snow
Srt - (m) winter
vsÓt: - (m) spring
g#£Ým: - (m) summer
vxaI: - (f) rainy season
¢S¢Sr: - (m) dry cold season
¢S¢Sr: is not experienced in most parts of India.
Each season lasts between 55 and 65 days.
According to the ancient texts, the duration of
each season is fixed at a specific value in the
range given above. The seasons Spring, Summer
and winter generally fall within the corresponding
ones observed in the west
The words give below are in the order in which
they are seen in the text of the lesson.
¢hmaly: (m) - The Himalayan mountains
¢hmm (n) - snow
s¤Ódrm (n) - beautiful
kEÓd#£y (m) adj. - central
kEÓd#£y¢vïaly: (m) - central school
(a common system of schools run by the
Indian Givernment all over the country.)
¢vïaly: (m) - school
p¥NIm (n) - full
p¥NIcÓd#: (m) - full moon
¢vk¢sta¢n (n) - in full bloom.
nd£ (f) - river
¢ht: (m) - comfortable (also convenient)
¢nmIlm (n) adj. - pure
A¢Dkm (n) adj. - much
vat: (m) - wind (air)
AvÎyIm (n) - beyond description
p¥¢NImaraæO¬ - full moon night (during)
¢SKra¢N - peaks
A¢cÓÏym (n) - unimaginable
tÞy - its (this refers to case)
p#¢t¢bØb: (m) - reflection
¢hmaly¢SKrE - upon the Himalayan peaks
¶dym (n) - heart
sEÛyv¦Xa: (m) - apple trees
Plp¥NIm (m) - full of fruits
(this word comes under the second case)
sEÛyPlm (n) - Apple
A¢tâ¢ckrm (n) - very tasty
p#¢s¼m (n) - famous
gmnagmnm (n) - to and fro movement
s¤Kda (m) - comfortable
p#av£Îym (n) - talent, expertise
dl-
tzakat (case) - from the Dal lake
p¢r¢ÞT¢t: (f) - climate (though it really
refers to the atmospheric condition)
SWÏym (n) - chillness
S£t¢krNEn - with her (cool) rays
p#dES: - term used to refer to an area
of a country or place.
dES: - country
d#v¢t - melts
vxI¢t - rains
pt¢t - falls
p#kaSy¢t - shines
(the last four words are verbs. They are in
third person singular and in present tense)
p#dSIy¢Ót - perform (exhibit).
Verb in present tense, plural.
s¢Ót - are
Bv¢Ót - become or are
gay¢Ót - sing (plural, third person)
Given below are some indeclinables. More
indeclinables may be found in the section on
indeclinables.
Indeclinables remain the same (i.e., do not change)
with gender and number. Hence they can be easily
used in sentences and remembered as well.
At£v - very
yæO
yæO - wherever
tæO
tæO - there all
(the two are always use together)
¢vSExEN - specially
svIda - always
AæO - here
ev - adds stress to the subject as in the
use of "too"
t¤ - but however
t¤ is not used
in the beginning of a sentence.
prÓt¤ - but
kda¢ct - sometimes
AÏy¢Dkm - very much
yda -when
tda - then
the two are always used together
i.e.,
tda always follows
yda .
idan£m - now
At: - so, therefore
tdan£m - then (usually refers to the time
of occurrence of a particular event)
n
kEvlm - not only
¢kÓt¤ - but also
(in using the above two the word
A¢p
c
is used at the end of the sentence)
A¢p - also
c - and
p#ay: - almost
iv - like
ATva - alternatively
i¢t - so
kEvlm - only
tt:
prm - thereafter
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson-4 Expressing Numbers.
We have already discussed in an earlier lesson
(lesson-2) one uses numbers from one to
nine. In this lesson we will see how one would
handle larger numbers. First we introduce Zero,
the number whose use from very early periods is
credited to India.
Zero is known as
S¥Óym in Sanskrit.
In expressing any number which includes
zeros in any of its digits, the word
S¥Óym
is used to refer to that digit.
Thus one can, in principle say a number by just
expressing the digits making up the number,
much the same way one would do with
telephone numbers.
So 43695 may be expressed as
cÏva¢r
æO£¢N
xzq
nv
p·
In proper usage of Sanskrit, numbers are
expressed in a somewhat different manner.
,he lower order digits are expressed firstd
and then the higher order ones. For example,
125 will be expressed as
p·¢v|S¢t
A¢Dk
ek
Stm
.
Literally five and twenty above hundred
is the translation.
This system is followed for all numbers above 100.
When we were preparing this note it was still 1997.
we had planned to say
A¾nv¢t
A¢Dk
nv
St
A¢Dk
ek
shÞa#
vxI
S¤B
kamna:
.
Simply, it was to be "good wishes for 1998"
Though it is past Jan.1 1998, the good wishes
continue.
A¢Dk means more than.
The list below gives the Sanskrit equivalents for
numbers between 0 and 50.