¢vB¢³:
-
Case
It is assumed that the reader has reached this point
after reading the introduction to the "cases".
Case declensions for a noun are obtained by adding
different suffixes to the basic form of the noun.
The suffix will be different based on the case,
gender and number of the noun.
The word
ram:
is the word representative of
most masculine nouns in Sanskrit which end in
the vowel
A
. This coupled with the fact that the
name
ram:
has a special significance for people
in India, is the reason why most Primers for
Sanskrit start with
ram:
for illustrating the
declensions.
Case form of the noun
1.
ram:
2.
ramm
3.
ramEN
4.
ramay
5.
ramat
6.
ramÞy
7.
ramE
8.
hE
ram
!
Thus knowing the declensions for
ram:
will help the
student identify the case declensions for many many
nouns which are masculine and end with
A
.
Now let us see the declensions for a feminine noun
ending in
iI
,
g¬r£
Case Form of the noun
1.
g¬r£
2.
g¬r£|
3.
g¬yaI
4.
g¬y©I
5.
g¬yaI:
6.
g¬yaI:
7.
g¬yaI|
8.
hE
g¬r£
!
The two examples do illustrate the concept that
suffixes are added to the noun to get at the declensions.
Now, we shall see exmples of sentences which have
nouns in different cases. The same noun is used in
all the sentences. The noun chosen for this purpose
is
Aá:
or horse. This is a masculine noun similar
to
ram:
and you will see the rules applied as in the
case of
ram:
.
Case 1. The Nominative case
Aá:
¢t¿¢t
-
The horse is standing
Aá:
Dav¢t
-
The horse is running
In bothe cases,
Aá:
is the subject of the
sentence and is hence given in its basic form
as the nominative case.
The name for the nominative case in Sanskrit is
p#Tma
¢vB¢³:
,
p#Tma
meaning first and
¢vB¢³:
meaning case. There is also a name for this case
given according to Sanskrit Grammar. This is
known as
kark
¢vB¢³:
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Case 2. The Accusative case.
p¤âx:
Aá|
AaraEh¢t
.
The man ascends the horse
p¤âx:
Aá|
tafy¢t
.
The man beats the horse
In these sentences, the horse forms the direct object
of the verbs
AaraEh¢t
and
tafy¢t
. Hence the use in
the Accusative case. The second case is usually
referred to as
¢¹t£ya
¢vB¢³:
though it does have
another name ,
kmI¢vB¢³:
.
Case 3. The Instrumental case.
p¤rx:
AáEn
g¦h|
gÅC¢t
.
The man goes home by horse
raja
AáEn
vn|
gÅC¢t
.
The King goes to the forest on horse.
In these examples, the meaning conveyed by the
case declension is "by" or "through". The third
case in Sanskrit is known as
¢æOt£ya
¢vB¢³:
. Its
other name is
krN
¢vB¢³:
.
It may be noted that the declension here is
AáEn
though the student might expect it to be
AáEN
as
per the declensions of
ram:
. This need not confuse
the student, for according to other grammar rules of
Sanskrit, the use of
n
or
N
will be prescribed
based on the consonants present in the noun.
Case 4. The Dative case.
s:
Aáay
t¦N|
yÅC¢t
.
He gives grass to the horse (to eat)
s:
Aáay
¢vØS¢t
shÞa#
ãÔyka¢N
p¦ÅC¢t
.
He is asking Rs. 20,000 for the horse.
In the Dative case, the meaning conveyed is
"for" or "to" . The Dative case is known as
ct¤T£I
¢vB¢³:
or
sØp#dan
¢vB¢³:
Case 5. The Ablative case
sa
Aáat
AD:pt¢t
.
She falls down from the horse.
Aáat
gjÞy
m¥Úy|
A¢Dkm
.
The elephant is more expensive than the horse.
The statement in Sanskrit when interpreted
literally, means that the price of the elephant
is higher than that of the horse. The meaning
conveyed by this case is "from" or "than"
i.e., comparisons. This case also is used to
convey the meaning "because of".
A¢KÚls
p#¢s¼:
ABvt
,
pEgss
Aáat
.
Achilles became famous because of the horse
Pegasus.
The fifth case is known as
p·m£
¢vB¢³:
or
Apadan
¢vB¢³:
.
Case 6. The possessive case.
AáÞy
vNI:
k:
?
What is the colour of the horse?
AáÞy
p¢t:
k:
?
Who is the owner of the horse?
In this case or
x¾£
¢vB¢³:
,
the meaning is that of the
Genitive case in English i.e., "of" or "belonging to"
etc.. This case is also known as
sØbÓD
¢vB¢³:
.
Case 7. The Locative case
AáE
bl|
A¢Þt
.
In the horse is strength.
AáE
nr:
up¢vS¢t
.
The man sits on the horse.
iÓd#Þy
uÅcW½v:
nam
AáE
Aaxa
(A¢Þt)
.
Indra has a liking for the horse called Uchchaisravas.
The seventh case is known as
sçam£
¢vB¢³:
. Its
other name is
A¢DkrN
¢vB¢³:
.
Case 8. The vocative case.
The last case is known as
sØbaEDnp#Tma
¢vB¢³:
.
It is generally not referred to by its expected name
A¾m£
¢vB¢³:
.
hE
Aá
,
S£G#|
gÅC
.
Oh horse! go fast.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
The examples given above are meant to introduce the
basic idea behind the
¢vB¢³:
. The person learning
Sanskrit is expected to know the declensions for many
many nouns. Practice will be required. In the following
sections we will go into the details of each
¢vB¢³:
and
see several examples of nouns in different genders and
nouns.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
In the following sections we will provide
different examples of declensions of nouns.
Each case is discussed individually with
additional information relating to special
forms.
Case1. The Nominative case.
Rule: The subject of a verb is in the Nominative
case.
The noun is declined in all the three numbers
(
vcna¢n
).
Masculine nouns ending in
A
ram:
ram¬
rama:
k]ÝN:
k]ÝN¬
k]ÝNa:
gj:
gj¬
gja:
v¦X:
v¦X¬
v¦Xa:
General Rule: All masculine nouns ending in
A
will decline as above in the Nominative case.
Feminine Nouns ending in
Aa
s£ta
¢stE
¢sta:
rma
rmE
rma:
lta
ltE
lta:
General Rule: All feminine nouns ending in
Aa
will decline as above in the Nominative case.
Neuter nouns ending in
A
. Please note that
the anuswar is not to be reckoned in fixing the
ending vowel.
Pl|
PlE
Pla¢n
nEæO|
nEæOE
nEæOa¢N
p¤Þtk|
p¤ÞtkE
p¤Þtka¢n
pæO|
pæOE
pæOa¢N
(As mentioned earlier in the declensions of
Aá:
,
the suffix
n
or
N
will be used depending on
other grammar rules). Most Neuter nouns ending
in
A
will decline as above.
Here are some examples of use of nouns in the
Nominative case.
bal¬
@£ft:
s£ta
pc¢t
p¤Ýpa¢N
¢vks¢Ót
y¥y|
pZT
tE
Kad¢Ót
kE
AæO
¢t¿¢Ót
?
Observe that the verb is also declined based on the
case of the noun. Thus there is consistency in a
sentence between the declensions of the noun and
the verb. It will be helpful to remember the simple
rule, that both the noun and the verb should be
consistent with each other.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson-9 Cases
Case-2 The Accusative Case
The direct object of the verb in a sentence is in the
Accusative case.
Declensions.
Masculine nouns ending in
A
(ram:)
ram|
rm¬
raman
(gj:)
gj|
gj¬
gjan
(hÞt:)
hÞt|
hÞt¬
hÞtan
(v¦X:)
v¦X|
v¦X¬
v¦Xan
As a general rule, all masculine nouns ending in
A
will decline as above in the Accusative case.
Feminine nouns ending in
Aa
(s£ta)
s£ta|
s£tE
s£ta:
(rma)
rma|
rmE
rma:
(lta)
lta|
lt¬
lta:
As a general rule, all Feminine nouns ending in
Aa
will decline as above in the Accusative case.
Neuter nouns ending in
A
(
Pl|
)
Plm
PlE
Pla¢n
(
nEæO|
)
nEæOm
nEæOE
nEæOa¢N
(
p¤Þtk|
)
p¤Þtk|
p¤ÞtkE
p¤Þtka¢n
(
pæO|
)
pæOm
pæOE
pæOa¢N
As a general rule, all neuter nouns ending in
A
will decline as above.
Also, Neuter nouns will have the same declensions
in the Nominative and Accusative cases.
Now for the declensions of the personal pronouns
Ah|
ma|,
ma
Aava|,
n¬
AÞman
,
n:
Ïv|
Ïva|,
Ïva
y¤va|,
va|
y¤Ýman
,
v:
s:
t|
t¬
tan
sa
ta|
tE
ta:
tt
tt
tE
ta¢n
Ay|
im|
im¬
iman
Ay|
en|
en¬
enan
iy|
ima|
imE
ima:
iy|
ena|
enE
ena:
id|
id|
imE
ima¢n
ex:
et|
et¬
etan
ex:
en|
en¬
enan
exa
eta|
etE
eta:
exa
ena|
enE
ena:
ett
ett
etE
eta¢n
k:
k|
k¬
kan
ka
ka|
kE
ka:
¢k|
¢km
kE
ka¢n
Please note that for some of the personal pronouns
two different forms are indicated. This is not an
inconsistency.
Here are some examples of sentenses using the
Accusative.
jna:
dEv|
nm¢Ót
.
people are offering salutations
to the deity
gj:
jl|
¢pb¢t
.
The elephant is drinking the water
tE
Aáan
pÜy¢Ót
.
They are seeing the horses
Ïv|
AacayI|
nm¢s
.
You areoffering salutations to
the teacher
Ah|
¢cæO|
pÜya¢m
.
I am viewing the picture
Observation:
These simple sentences are ordered as
(noun) (direct object) (verb)
which ordering is different from the familiar ordering
in English which is
(noun) (verb) (direct object)
In Sanskrit and many other Indian languages, the
verb often gets placed at the end. Some European
languages also have this structure (German).
Note however, the sentence in Sanskrit will
make perfect sense even if the ordering is changed
e.g.,
Ïv|
nm¢s
AacayIm
.
Some questions which use the noun in the
Accusative.
Ïv|
p#at:
¢k|
pZ¢s
?
sa
k|
nm¢t
?
s:
k|
tæO
pÜy¢t
?
Indeclinables which go with the Accusative
There are some indeclinables which must be
used with the accompanying nouns in the
Accusative. These are
p#¢t
-
towards
¢vna
-
without
svIt:
-
All around
uByt:
-
on both sides
Examples:
CaæOa:
p¤Þtk|
¢vna
gÅC¢Ót
.
The students are going without the books.
Ah|
¢vïaly|
p#¢t
gÅCa¢m
.
I am going to (towards) the school.
¢vïaly|
uByt:
v¦Xa:
s¢Ót
.
There are trees on both sides of the school.
p¤Ýpvaz£|
svIt:
bala:
.
There are children all around the garden.
Special Note:
What about sentences which have two direct objects?
In Sanskrit it is known that there are 32 verbs which
can take two objects in the same sentence. We give
below a few.
pC¢t
-
cooks
dÎfy¢t
-
punishes
p¦ÅC¢t
-
asks
ny¢t
-
takes along
hr¢t
-
takes away by force ( steals)
Example sentences.
s
tÎf¤lan
AaEdn|
pc¢t
.
He cooks rice as food.
tÎf¤lan
and
AaEdn|
are both in the Accusative.
n¦p:
ÞtEn|
St|
dÎfy¢t
.
The King fines the thief a hundred (units of currency)
s:
maNvk|
pÓTan|
p¦ÅC¢t
.
He asks the student the way.
tE
Ajan
g¦h|
ny¢Ót
.
They take the sheep home.
There are some questions in the exercises section
relating to the Accusative case. You must try and
answer them.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
¢æOt£ya
¢vB¢³:
Case -3 Instrumental case
The instrumental case involves the form of the noun
which provides answers to questions invovling
phrases such as
with what? by which ? along with what or whom?
Here are the examples of declensions.
Masculine nouns ending in
A
ram:
ramEN
rama×yam
ramW:
gj:
gjEn
gja×yam
gjW:
hÞt:
hÞtEn
hÞta×yam
hÞtW:
v¦X:
v¦XEN
v¦Xa×yam
v¦XW:
Masculine nouns ending in
i
m¤¢n:
m¤¢nna
m¤¢n×yam
m¤¢n¢B:
h¢r:
h¢rNa
h¢r×yam
h¢r¢B:
Masculine nouns ending in
u
S|B¤:
S|B¤na
S|B¤×yam
S|B¤¢B:
vay¤:
vay¤na
vay¤×yam
vay¤¢B:
What is given above is representative of the declensions
of masculine nouns in different ending vowels. Given
below are some more nouns which decline as above.
Masc.
A
jnk:
-
father
gaEpal:
-
Cowherd
s¥yI:
-
Sun
Aá:
-
horse
bal:
-
boy
baN:
-
Arrow
Masc.
i
¢n¢D:
-
treasure
A¢t¢T:
-
guest
A¢d#:
-
mountain
ra¢S:
-
heap
¢g¢r:
-
mountain
Òv¢n:
-
sound
Masc.
u
p#B¤:
-
boss
bah¤:
-
hand
sEt¤:
-
bridge
vEN¤:
-
Bamboo flute
prS¤:
-
axe
tÓt¤:
-
manuscript
Now for feminine nouns.
Feminine nouns ending in
Aa
¢sta
¢staya
s£ta×yam
s£ta¢B:
rma
rmya
rma×yam
rma¢B:
lta
ltaya
lta×yam
lta¢B:
bala
balaya
bala×yam
bala¢B:
Feminine nouns ending in
i
m¢t
mÏya
m¢t×yam
m¢t¢B:
B¥¢m
B¥Øya
B¥¢m×yam
B¥¢m¢B:
Feminine nouns ending in
u
DEn¤
DEn¤na
DEn¤×yam
DEn¤¢B:
c·¤
c·¤na
c·¤×yam
c·¤¢B:
Other examples of Feminine nouns.
Fem.
Aa
¢vïa
-
education
yaæOa
-
journey
¢nd#a
-
sleep
c¢Ód#ka
-
moon
rEKa
-
line
p#Ba
-
light
Fem.
i
y¢¾
-
tinsel
n£¢t
-
moral
B£¢t
-
fear
S¢³
-
strength
Asa general rule, the declensions given above are
representative of declensions of feminine nouns ending
in the specified vowels.
Now for Neuter nouns.
Neuter nouns ending in
A
Pl|
PlEn
Pla×yam
PlW:
nEæO|
nEæOEN
nEæOa×yam
nEæ¬:
p¤Þtk|
p¤ÞtkEn
p¤Þtka×yam
p¤ÞtkW:
pæO|
pæOEN
pæOa×yam
pæ¬:
Neuter nouns ending in
i
va¢r
va¢rNa
va¢r×yam
va¢r¢B:
Neuter nouns ending in
u
mD¤
mD¤na
mD¤×yam
mD¤¢B:
vÞt¤
vÞt¤na
vÞt¤×yam
vÞt¤¢B:
Other neuter nouns
Neut.
A
pîm
-
lotus
pÊóNm
-
town
sÏym
-
truth
BaEjnm
-
food
tWlm
-
oil
blm
-
strength
Let us now list the declensions for the personal
pronouns
Ah|
mya
Aava×yam
AÞma¢B:
s:
tEn
ta×yam
tW:
sa
tya
ta×yam
ta¢B:
tt
tEn
ta×yam
tW:
Ay|
AnEn
Aa×yam
e¢B:
iy|
Anya
Aa×yam
Aa¢B:
id|
AnEn
Aa×yam
e¢B:
ex:
etEn
eta×yam
etW:
exa
etya
eta×yam
eta¢B:
ett
etEn
eta×yam
etW:
k:
kEn
ka×yam
kW:
ka
kya
ka×yam
ka¢B:
¢k|
kEn
ka×yam
kW:
Try and get the patterns to memory. The student
would have no doubt discerned some patterns
already.
Let us see some example sentences.
jna:
p¤ÝpW:
dEv|
p¥jy¢Ót
.
people worship with flowers the deity.
Let us note here that the same sentence is sometimes
written as "people worship the deity with flowers".
The second form is ambiguous however, as it does
not explicitly state if
it is with flowers that the deity is worshipped
or
(the deity with flowers) is worshipped.
Sanskrit is quite flexible on the ordering of the words.
B¥p¢t:
rTEn
gÅC¢t
.
The king travels by his chariot.
Ïv|
hÞtEn
¢lK¢s
.
You write with your hands.
ÛyakrNm
pa¢N¢nna
k]tm
.
Grammar was formulated by Panini
t¦¢xt:
hÞta×ya|
jl|
¢pb¢t
.
The thirsty person drinks water with both hands
For those who are used to drinking water from a
cup or a fountain, the use of hands might cause some
amusement. Drinking from one's own hand, by cupping
the palm and let the fountain flow through it into one's
mouth is an age old custom in India. It is clean, simple
and does not require any dish washing ot throw away
plastic!
Now for a few questions.
jna:
kW:
dEv|
p¥jy¢Ót
?
(
See answer above)
ÛyakrN|
kEn
k]tm
?
Ïv|
ka×ya|
cr¢s
?
-
With what do you walk?
Ah|
pada×ya|
cra¢m
.
I walk with my (two) feet.
Note the use of the noun in "Dual". We mentioned
before that the dual form is used with things which
exist in nature as two like two eyes, two hands etc..
Now, if you must say that the elephant walks with
its legs, you would not use the dual form but the
plural since the elephant has four legs. So it will be,
gj:
padW:
cr¢t
.
Special note:
As in english, where prepositional phrases are used
to decline the noun in the instrumental case, a few
Sanskrit words are also used along with nouns to
give the meaning of "along with". The indeclinables
sh
and
sak|
are used with nouns to give the same
meaning. However, they come after the noun as in,
lßmN:
ramEN
sh
vn|
gÅC¢t
.
Lakshmana goes with Rama to the forest.
Ah|
¢mæOEN
sh
AæO
vsa¢m
.
I live here with my friend.
tE
PlW:
p¤ÝpWà
sak|
AæO
AagÅC¢Ót
.
They come here with fruits and flowers.
(sak|
is used with Neuter nouns)
balk:
g¤âNa
sh
AapN|
gÅC¢t
.
The students goes to the shop with the teacher.
Similar to
sh
, the indeclinables
¢vna
and
Alm
also go along with the noun in case 3.
p#a¢Nn:
jlEn
¢vna
n
j£v¢Ót
.
Living beings cannot (do not) live without water.
If your stomach is full with a meal, you can say,
BaEjnEn
Alm
!
(
I have had )Enough food!
Would you ever want to say
s|Þk]tEn
Alm
?
Certainly not of course, if you want to continue
the lessons!
Of course, this is getting to be a little prolonged.
We must go over to the next case.
Before that, be sure to look at the section on exercises
and answer the questions given there.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Case-4, the Dativ case.
This case relates to the meanings such as
"for whom", "regarding", " for the sake of",
"in connection with" etc..
Declensions:
Masculine nouns ending in
A
ram:
ramay
rama×yam
ramE×y:
gj:
gjay
gja×yam
gjE×y:
hÞt:
hÞtay
hÞta×yam
hÞtE×y:
v¦X:
v¦Xay
v¦Xa×yam
v¦XE×y:
Other masculine nouns which decline as above,
Aahar:
-
food
¢SÝy:
-
Student
v¦xB:
-
Bull
p¤æO:
-
Son
dEv:
-
Deity
Feminine nouns ending in
Aa
¢sta
s£tayW
s£ta×yam
s£ta×y:
rma
rmayW
rma×yam
rma×y:
lta
ltayW
lta×yam
lta×y:
Neuter nouns ending in
A
Pl|
Play
Pla×yam
PlE×y:
nEæO|
nEæOay
nEæOa×yam
nEæOE×y:
p¤Þtk|
p¤Þtkay
p¤Þtka×yam
p¤ÞtkE×y:
Nouns such as
vn|
,
bl|
,
s¢ll|
-
water
jl|
-
water
raÇy|
-
Kingdom will also
decline as above.
Other examples:
Masc.
i
h¢r:
hryE
h¢r×yam
h¢r×y:
A¢d#:
Ad#yE
A¢d#×yam
A¢d#×y:
Masc.
u
S|B¤:
S|BvE
S|B¤×yam
S|B¤×y:
p#B¤:
p#BvE
p#B¤×yam
p#B¤×y:
¢rp¤:
¢rpvE
¢rp¤×yam
¢rp¤×y:
Feminine
i
m¢t
mtyE
m¢t×yam
m¢t×y:
S¢³
S³yE
S¢³×yam
S¢³×y:
Feminine
u
DEn¤
DEnvE
DEn¤×yam
DEn¤×y:
Neuter
i
va¢r
varyE
va¢r×yam
va¢r×y:
Neuter
u
mD¤
mDvE
mD¤×yam
mD¤×y:
The declensions of the personal pronouns in
the Dativ case.
Ah|
m/|
,mE
Aava×ya|
,n¬
AÞm×y|
,n:
Ïv|
t¤×y|
,tE
y¤va×ya|
,va|
y¤Ým×y|
,v:
s:
tÞmW
ta×ya|
tE×y:
sa
tÞyW
ta×ya|
ta×y:
tt
tÞmW
ta×ya|
tE×y:
Ay|
AÞmW
Aa×ya|
e×y:
iy|
AÞyW
Aa×ya|
Aa×y:
id|
AÞmW
Aa×ya|
e×y:
ex:
etÞmW
eta×ya|
etE×y:
exa
etÞyW
eta×ya|
eta×y:
ett
etÞmW
eta×ya|
etE×y:
k:
kÞmW
ka×ya|
kE×y:
ka
kÞyW
ka×ya|
ka×y:
¢k|
kÞmW
ka×ya|
kE×y:
Now for examples of sentences with nouns in the
Dative case.
CaæOa:
Aaharay
g¦h|
gÅC¢Ót
.
Students go home for food.
¢BX¤:
Aaharay
Az¢t
.
The beggar roams around for food.
g¤â:
¢SÝyay
tÏv|
up¢dS¢t
.
The teacher expounds the principle for the (sake of)
student.
k]xk:
v¦xBay
t¤x|
yÅC¢t
.
The farmer gives fodder to two bulls.
Ïv|
A¢t¢T×ya|
X£r|
Aany¢s
.
You bring milk for two guests.
Ah|
pS¤×ya|
G#as|
Aanya¢m
.
I bring grass for two cows.
It is interesting to observe that the word for "grass"
in Sanskrit is
G#asm
.
g¤â×y:
nm:
.
Obeisanse to the teachers.
nm:
tE
.
Salutations to you
According to the grammar rules and Sandhi,
nm:
tE
becomes
nmÞtE
!
Special note:
nm:
is an indeclinable. When you use it as such
the noun will be in Dativ. However
nm
is also
the root for a verb. When using the verb the person
will be referred to in the second case.
Ah|
g¤ãn
nma¢m
.
I offer salutations to the Guru.
But, there are some verbs which when used will
have the accompanying noun in Dativ only!
n¦p:
yackE×y:
Pla¢n
yÅC¢Ót
.
¢pta
p¤æOay
k[Ôy¢t
.
balk:
@£fnkay
Þp¦hy¢t
.
Some questions and answers involving nouns
in the Dativ.
¢vïa
¢kmTIm
?
¢vïa
åOanay
.
p¤Ýpa¢N
¢kmTIm
?
p¥jayW
p¤Ýpa¢N
.
tv
p#yÏn:
kÞmW
?
mm
p#yÏn:
s¤Kay
.
vÞtr|
kÞmW
p#yaEjnay
?
vÞæa|
p¢rDanay
.
S¤kay
¢k|
raEctE
?
S¤kay
Pl|
raEctE
.
¢k|
papay
Bv¢t
?
prp£fa
papay
Bv¢t
.
Please attempt the exercises before reading
further.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Case-5 The Ablative case.
The ablative case is used in general to effect a
comparison or indicate an effect of separation from
the noun.
The Ablative case is known as
p·m£
¢vB¢³:
Declensions:
Masculine nouns ending in
A
ram
ramat
rama×ya|
ramE×y:
gj
gjat
gja×ya|
gjE×y:
hÞt
hÞtat
hÞta×ya|
hÞtE×y:
g¦h
g¦hat
g¦ha×ya|
g¦hE×y:
v¦X
v¦Xat
v¦Xa×ya|
v¦XE×y:
Masc.
i
m¤¢n:
m¤nE:
m¤¢n×ya|
m¤¢n×y:
h¢r:
hrE:
h¢r×ya|
h¢r×y:
The nouns
¢n¢D:
A¢d#:
pa¢N¢n:
ra¢S:
A¢t¢T:
¢g¢r:
will decline in the same fashion as above
Masc.
u
S|B¤:
S|BaE:
S|B¤×ya|
S|B¤×y:
vay¤:
vayaE:
vay¤×ya|
vay¤×y:
Feminine nouns ending in
Aa
s£ta
s£taya:
s£ta×ya|
s£ta×y:
rma
rmaya:
rma×ya|
rma×y:
lta
ltaya:
lta×ya|
lta×y:
Feminine
i
m¢t:
mtE:
m¢t×ya|
m¢t×y:
B¥¢m:
B¥mE
B¥¢m×ya|
B¥¢m×y:
The nouns
y¢¾:
B£¢t:
v¦¢¾:
n£¢t:
S¢³:
k£¢tI:
will decline in the same fashion as
B¥¢m:
Feminine
u
DEn¤:
DEnaE:
DEn¤×ya|
DEn¤×y:
c·¤:
c·aE:
c·¤×ya|
c·¤×y:
Neuter nouns ending in
A
Pl
Plat
Pla×ya|
PlE×y:
nEæO
nEæOat
nEæOa×ya|
nEæOE×y:
p¤Þtk
p¤Þtkat
p¤Þtka×ya|
p¤ÞtkE×y:
pæO
pæOat
pæOa×ya|
pæOE×y:
Neuter
i
va¢r
varE:
va¢r×ya|
va¢r×y:
Neuter
u
mD¤
mDaE:
mD¤×ya|
mD¤×y:
vÞt¤
vÞtaE:
vÞt¤×ya|
vÞt¤×y:
Example sentences.
SæOaE:
B£¢t:
jaytE
.
From the enemy arises fear.
saDaE:
sÅc ¢ræO|
¢SXtE
.
(He) learns good behaviour
from good people.
traE:
pN|I
pt¢t
.
The leaf falls from the tree.
¢grE:
nd£
p#vh¢t
.
From the mountain flows the river.
g¤raE:
¢vïa|
A¢DtE
.
(He) learns from the preceptor
In the following sentences the process of one thing
getting separated from the other is very clear.
hÞta×ya|
p¤Þtka¢n
pt¢Ót
.
The books drop from the hands.
t¬
pvItat
Avtrt:
.
They descend from the mountain
nEæOa×ya|
AÞa#|
Þa#v¢t
.
Tear rolls down from the eyes.
CaæOa:
paZSalaya:
AagÅc ¢Ót
.
Students return from school.
The following sentences are examples of situations
where one entity is differentiated from another.
t£r|
sm¤d#at
u°tm
.
The shore is higher than the sea.
tfag:
sm¤d#at
AÚp:
.
The pond is smaller than the sea.
¢hmaly:
AÓyE×y:
¢g¢r×y:
u°t:
.
Himalaya is taller than other mountains.
Other situations where the Ablative case applies.
When a verb in a sentence implies that some one
is scared or someone is saving (protecting), the
concerned noun will be in the Ablative.
n¦paE:
SæOaE:
raÇy|
rX¢Ót
.
Kings protect the kingdom from the enemies.
DEn¤:
ÛyaG#at
æOÞy¢t
.
The cow fears from the Tiger.
D£r:
SæOaE:
n
æOÞy¢t
.
The brave person does not fear (from) the enemy.
vWï:
raEgat
balk|
rX¢t
.
The physician saves the boy from disease.
In situations where the verb is associated with meanings
uch as
disgust, resting from, deviating (or faulting) from
the noun concerned will be in the Ablative.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Case-6 The Possessive case
Nouns in case 6 generally convey the meaning of
"Whose" , "belonging to" etc.. In general, the case
refers to a connection between one thing and another.
Declensions:
Masculine nouns ending in
A
ram:
ramÞy
ramyaE:
ramaNa|
gj:
gjÞy
gjyaE:
gjana|
g¦h:
g¦hÞy
g¦hyaE:
g¦haNa|
v¦X:
v¦XÞy
v¦XyaE:
v¦XaNa|
Nouns such as
dEv:
-
deity
vgI:
-
compilation
g¤N:
-
character
rs:
-
taste
AakaS:
-
sky
AanÓd:
-
delight
also decline as in
ram:
------------------------------------------------------
Masc.
i
m¤¢n:
m¤nE:
m¤nyaE:
m¤¢nx¤
h¢r:
hrE:
hya©I:
h¢rx¤
Nouns such as
¢n¢D:
-
treasure
r¢Üm:
-
ray of light
A¢t¢T
-
guest
ra¢S:
-
heap
A¢l:
-
bee
Òv¢n:
-
sound
Ûya¢D:
-
disease
d[Ód[¢B:
-
large drum (Musical Inst.)
A¢d#:
-
mountain
Aa¢D:
-
mental illness
will decline as in
h¢r:
-------------------------------------------------------
Masc.
u
S|B¤:
S|BaE:
S|×vaE:
S|B¤x¤
Nouns such as
prS¤:
-
axe
bah¤:
-
hand
p#B¤:
-
boss
¢rp¤:
-
enemy
vay¤:
-
air
sEt¤:
-
bridge
hEt¤:
-
cause
vEN¤:
-
flute
¢SS¤:
-
baby
mEâ:
-
mountain
iX¤:
-
sugarcane
ÞTaN¤:
-
Lord Shiva
tÓt¤:
-
manuscript
A|S¤:
-
ray of light
decline as in
S|B¤:
------------------------------------------------------------
Feminine nouns ending in
Aa
s£ta
¢staya:
s£tyaE:
s£tana|
rma
rmaya:
rmyaE:
rmaNa|
lta
ltaya:
ltyaE:
ltana|
Nouns such as
gaTa
-
story
rÐya
-
street
p#Ba
-
bright light
will also decline as in
s£ta
-------------------------------------------------------------
Feminine
i
m¢t:
mtE:
mÏyaE:
mt£na|
Nouns such as
y¢¾:
-
Maize
v¦¢¾:
-
rain
n£¢t:
-
moral
ka¢Ót:
-
luminance
g¢t:
-
shelter
k£¢tI:
-
fame
B£¢t:
-
fear
B¥¢m:
-
earth
S¢³:
-
strength
D£¢l:
-
dust
u°¢t:
-
greatness
b¤¢¼:
-
knowledge
m¥¢tI:
-
shape
ra¢æO:
-
night
decline as
m¢t:
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Feminine
u
DEn¤:
DEnaE:
DEÓvaE:
DEn¥na|
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Neuter nouns ending in
A
Pl|
PlÞy
PlyaE:
Plana|
nEæO|
nEæOÞy
nEæOyaE:
nEæOaNa|
pæO|
pæOÞy
pæOyaE:
pæOaNa|
p¤Þtk|
p¤ÞtkÞy
p¤ÞtkyaE:
p¤Þtkana|
Nouns such as
vn|
bl|
jl|
s¢ll|
also
decline as in
Pl|
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Now for the declensions of personal pronouns.
Ah|
mm
,mE
AavyaE:
,n¬
AÞmak|
,n:
Ïv|
tv
,tE
y¤vyaE:
,va|
y¤Ýmak|
,v:
s:
tÞy
tyaE:
tExa|
sa
tÞya:
tyaE:
tasa|
tt
tÞy
tyaE:
tExa|
Ay|
AÞy
AnyaE:
,enyaE:
exa|
iy|
AÞya:
AnyaE:
,enyaE:
Aasam
id|
AÞy
AnyaE:
,enyaE:
exam
ex:
etÞy
etyaE:
,enyaE:
etExam
exa
etÞya:
etyaE:
,enyaE:
etasm
ett
etÞy
etyaE:
,enyaE:
etExam
k:
kÞy
kyaE:
kExam
ka
kÞya:
kyaE:
kasam
¢k|
kÞy
kyaE:
kExam
-----------------------------------------------------------
Let us now see some examples of sentences
with nouns in case-6, the possessive case.
id|
tv
g¦hm
.
This is your house.
s£ta
ramÞy
pÏn£
.
Sita is Rama's wife
na¢ska
nEæOyaE:
mÒyE
A¢Þt
.
The nose is between the (two) eyes.
g¤â:
¢SÝyaNa|
¢vjyEn
t¤Ýy¢t
.
The teacher is delighted at the students' success.
mata
¢SáaE:
@£fn|
pÜy¢t
.
The mother sees the play(ing) of two children.
@£faÄñNE
balana|
ÞpDaI
cl¢t
.
The competition of the students takes place
at the playground.
iy|
lßm£
.
AÞya:
B#at:
gaE¢vÓd:
.
This is Lakshmi . Her brother is Govind.
lßmE:
g¦h|
k[æO
A¢Þt
?
Where is Lakshmi's house?
n¦pty:
kv£na|
sØman|
k[vI¢Ót
.
Kings honour (felicitate) poets.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Special uses of the sixth case.
"for the reason"
A sentence incorporating this phrase will have
the accompanying noun in the Possessive case.
hEt¤:
-
reason
hEtaE:
-
for the reason
jna:
s¤KvasÞy
hEtaE:
kaÜm£r|
gÅC¢Ót
.
People go to Kashmir for a pleasant stay.
When one refers to directions in a sentence,
the nouns associated will be in Possessive case.
p¥vIt:
(to the east of)
p¢àmt:
-
(to the west of)
dX£Nt:
(to the south of)
uäOrt:
-
(to the north of)
g#amÞy
p¥vIt:
nd£
p#vh¢t
.
The river runs east of the village (on the eastern side)
AalyÞy
d¢XNt:
tfag:
A¢Þt
.
To the south of the temple is the tank (pond)
¢vïalyÞy
p¢àmt:
@£faÄñN|
A¢Þt
.
To the west of the school is the playground.
It may be noted that the four words given above
are actually indeclinables.
There are instances of use of the indeclinables
in a slightly different form as in
p¥v©IN
,
p¢àmEn
,
d¢XNEn
,
uäOrEN
Though these are indeclinables, they appear to
have suffixes of the instrumrntal case (case-3).
When expressed this way, the indeclinables are
accompanied by nouns in either case 6 or 2.
for example,
p¥v©IN
BartÞy
vÄñsm¤d#:
A¢Þt
.
Bay of Bengal is in the east of India.
uäOrEN
Bart|
¢hmalyaE:
vtItE
.
Himalayas are in the north of India.
When referring to something done by a person,
the person is expressed in the possessive case.
When referring to someone having done something,
that which was done is expressed in the
sixth case.
Examples.
b¦hd£áralyÞy
¢nmaIta
rajrajcaEL:
Rajaraja Chola is the creator of the Brhadeeswara
Temple
(The temple referred to here is more than a thousand
years old and worship continues to this day. This is
truly a massive edifice qualifying for the adjective
b¦ht
meaning massive. The temple has been included
among the world heritage monuments by Unesco.
¢váEárayIÞy
s¦¢¾:
k]ÝNrajsagr:
.
Krishnaraja Sagar is the creation of of Visweswaraiah.
(Visweswaraiah was a civil engineer who lived in
South India during the early part of the twentieth
century and is called the father of engineering in
India. The structure referred to here is a dam)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sometimes, a noun qualifying for case 2 may get
expressed in case 6. Consider for instance,
The boy thinks of his mother.
Here "mother" forms the indirect object of the verb.
The meaning of this sentence could well be that the
boy is thinking about his mother's affection towards
him. Then "mother's" comes in the sixth case. In
Sanskrit this can also be expressed in the sixth case.
bal:
matr|
Þmr¢t
case-2 or
bal:
mat¤:
Þmr¢t
case -6
It is possible that a noun qualifying for expression
in the third case also gets expressed in the Possessive.
X¤¢Dt:
A°Þy
t¦Ôy¢t
.
The famished person is satisfied by food. This could
have also been expressed as
X¤¢Dt:
A°En
t¦Ôy¢t
.
Such examples are given only to give a hint to the
student about the variations seen in the use of the
words. Only experience will help master these.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
This has been a long section. Please go over the
section a second time and do the exercises.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Case-7 The Locative case:
The locative case indicates the locality or position
of a thing generally expressive of the meaning given
by the use of prepositions such as
in, into, inside, out of a group of, out of etc.
Declensions:
Masculine nouns ending in
A
g#am:
g#amE
g#amyaE:
g#amEx¤
ArÎy:
ArÎyE
ArÎyyaE:
ArÎyEx¤
pad:
padE
padyaE:
padEx¤
ud¢D:
udD¬
udÒyaE:
ud¢Dx¤
pa¢N:
paN¬
paÎyaE:
pa¢Nx¤
¢g¢r:
¢gr¬
¢gya©I:
¢g¢rx¤
g¤â:
g¤r¬
g¤va©I:
g¤âx¤
bÓD¤:
bÓD¬
bÓÒvaE:
bÓD¤x¤
SæO¤:
SæO¬
SæOvaE:
SæO¤x¤
Declensions of personal pronouns
Ah|
m¢y
AavyaE:
AÞmas¤
Ïv|
Ïv¢y
y¤vyaE:
y¤Ýmas¤
s:
t¢Þmn
tyaE:
tEx¤
sa
tÞya|
tyaE:
tas¤
tt
t¢Þmn
tyaE:
tEx¤
Ay|
A¢Þmn
AnyaE:
ex¤
enyaE:
iy|
AÞya|
AnyaE:
Aas¤
id|
A¢Þmn
AnyaE:
ex¤
enyaE:
ex:
et¢Þmn
etyaE:
etEx¤
enyaE:
exa
etÞya|
etyaE:
etas¤
ett
et¢Þmn
etyaE:
etEx¤
k:
k¢Þmn
kyaE:
kEx¤
ka
kÞya|
kyaE:
kas¤
¢k|
k¢Þmn
kyaE:
kEx¤
Example sentences
paÎyaE:
AÄñ[Úy:
s¢Ót
.
Fingers are (present) in both hands
¢g¢rx¤
g¤ha:
s¢Ót
.
Caves are present in mountains
maNvkÞy
g¤âx¤
Aa¢Dka
p#£¢t:
.
The students has much affection for his teacher.
paæOEx¤
jl|
na¢Þt
.
There is no water in the vessels
udD¬
¢t¢mÄñla:
cr¢Ót
.
Whales roam about in the ocean
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Now look up the section on exercises and answer
the questions given there.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Case-8 The Vocative case
Addressing a person is handled via the Vocative
case. Mostly usage in this case will accompany
a directive or an order to the person addressed.
Also a request may be applicable. The Vocative
case may also apply in third person where one
might say,
Let him help us. Let them sing his praise etc..
Declensions:
Masculine
ram:
hE
ram
hE
ram¬
hE
rama:
h¢r:
hE
hrE
hE
hr£
hE
hry:
S|B¤:
hE
S|BaE
hE
S|B¥
hE
S|Bv:
Feminine
mala
hE
malE
hE
malE
hE
mala:
m¢t:
hE
mtE
hE
mt£
hE
mty:
DEn¤:
hE
DEnaE
hE
DEn¥
hE
DEnv:
Neuter
vn|
hE
vn
hE
vnE
hE
vna¢n
va¢r
hE
varE
hE
va¢rN£
hE
va¢r¢N
mD¤:
hE
mDaE
hE
mD¤n£
hE
mD¥¢n